京

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See also: 亰
京 U+4EAC, 京
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EAC
← 享
[U+4EAB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 亭 →
[U+4EAD]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character[edit]

京 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜口火 (YRF), four-corner 00906, composition ⿳亠口小)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 88, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 299
  • Dae Jaweon: page 187, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 284, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+4EAC

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 京
alternative forms 亰
𡬱
𢂋
𦣿
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 京 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 京 (Cantonese)
  • 京 (Classical)

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 京
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script

j13492

j13493

j13494

j13495

j13496

j13497

j13498

j13499

j13500

j13501

j13502

j13503

j13504

j13505

j13506

j13507

j13508

Bronze inscriptions

b08306

b08307

b08308

b08309

b08310

b08311

b08312

b08313

b08314

b08315

b08316

b08317

b08318

b08319

b08320

b08321

b08322

b08323

b08324

Small seal script

s03835

Transcribed ancient scripts

L33123

L33124

L33125

L33126

L33127

L33128

L33129

L33130

L33131

L10565

L10566

L10567

L10568

L10569

L10570

L10571

L10572

L10573

L10574

L10575

L10576

L10577

L10578

L10579

L10580

L10581

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (京) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
涼 *ɡ·raŋ, *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raŋs
凉 *ɡ·raŋ
椋 *ɡ·raŋ
綡 *ɡ·raŋ
輬 *ɡ·raŋ
諒 *ɡ·raŋs
掠 *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raɡ
弶 *ɡaŋs
京 *kraŋ
麖 *kraŋ
鶁 *kraŋ
景 *kraŋʔ
鯨 *ɡraŋ
黥 *ɡraŋ
勍 *ɡraŋ
剠 *ɡraŋ
倞 *ɡraŋs
影 *qraŋʔ
璟 *qraŋʔ, *kʷraŋʔ
憬 *kʷraŋʔ
暻 *kʷraŋʔ
澋 *ɡʷraːŋʔ

According to Shuowen, from 高 (gāo), where the lower 口 (kǒu) is reduced to 丨 (gǔn).

Etymology 1[edit]

Either from:

Within Chinese, cognate with 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “large”), 鯨 (OC *ɡraŋ, “whale”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • kiaⁿ - vernacular;
  • keng - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 京
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕĩn³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕin³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕin²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
/t͡ɕi¹³/ ～陵城
Hohhot /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕin³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕaŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕin³³/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕin³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕin⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kin⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kin²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /keŋ⁵³/
Nanning /keŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kiŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiŋ⁵⁵/
/kiã⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kiŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /keiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kiã³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /keŋ²³/
Rime
Character 京
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 庚 (111)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 舉卿切
Baxter kjaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠiæŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚiaŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiaŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kiajŋ/
Li
Rong 		/kiɐŋ/
Wang
Li 		/kĭɐŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ki̯ɐŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jīng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ging1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 京
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jīng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kjæng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]raŋ/
English hill; capital city

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 京
Reading # 1/1
No. 6828
Phonetic
component 		京
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		驚
Old
Chinese 		/*kraŋ/

Definitions[edit]

京

  1. ⁜ capital (city)
    京城  ―  jīngchéng  ―  capital city
    京畿  ―  jīngjī  ―  capital city and its surrounding area
    泰京  ―  Tàijīng  ―  (Thailand) Bangkok (the capital city of Thailand)
    墨京  ―  Mòjīng  ―  (dated) Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)
  2. Short for 北京 (Běijīng, “Beijing”). after 1949
    京劇／京剧  ―  jīngjù  ―  Beijing opera
    京腔  ―  jīngqiāng  ―  Beijing accent
  3. Short for 南京 (Nánjīng, “Nanjing”). during 1927 - 1948
  4. Short for 京都 (jīngdū, “Kyoto”). when referring Japan-related topics
  5. † tall mound
  6. † large barn
  7. † large; great
  8. † ten million, 107
  9. † ten quadrillion, 1016
  10. † septillion, 1024
  11. † A hundred nonillion, 1032
See also[edit]
Chinese numerals
104 108 1012 1016 1020 1024 1028 1032 1036 1040 1044 1048
萬／万 (wàn) 億／亿 (yì) 兆 (zhào) (Taiwan) 京 (jīng) (Taiwan) 垓 (gāi) 秭 (zǐ) 穰 (ráng) 溝／沟 (gōu) 澗／涧 (jiàn) 正 (zhèng) 載／载 (zài) 極／极 (jí)
萬億／万亿 (wànyì)
(Mainland China) 		億億/亿亿
(Mainland China)

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (京):
  • → Japanese: 京(きょう) (kyō); 京(けい) (kei)
  • → Korean: 경(京) (gyeong)
  • → Vietnamese: kinh (京)

References[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Vietnamese Kinh, via Cantonese.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 京
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕĩn³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕin³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕin²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
/t͡ɕi¹³/ ～陵城
Hohhot /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕin³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕaŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕin³³/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕin³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕin⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kin⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kin²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /keŋ⁵³/
Nanning /keŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kiŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiŋ⁵⁵/
/kiã⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kiŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /keiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kiã³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /keŋ²³/

Adjective[edit]

京

  1. ethnic Vietnamese from China

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

京

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. capital city
  2. ten quadrillion (short scale); ten thousand billion (long scale); 1016
  3. Tokyo
  4. Kyoto

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
京
きょう
Grade: 2
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 京 (MC kjaeng).

Noun[edit]

京(きょう) • (kyō) ←きやう (kyau)?

  1. capital city
  2. Short for 京都 (Kyōto, “Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)”).
    京言葉(きょうことば) (kyōkotoba)
    京(きょう)の着倒(きだお)れ、大阪(おおさか)の食(く)い倒(だお)れ
    Kyō no kidaore, Ōsaka no kuidaore
    Spend Your Money on Fashion in Kyoto, eat till you’re broke in Osaka

Affix[edit]

京(きょう) • (kyō) ←きやう (kyau)?

  1. capital city
    Synonym: (literary) 洛 (raku)
  2. (specifically) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)
    Synonym: (literary) 洛 (raku)
  3. (especially) Tōkyō (a province of Japan)
    上京(じょうきょう) (jōkyō)

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
京
みやこ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

宮 (miya, “imperial palace”) +‎ 処 (ko, “place”).

Noun[edit]

京(みやこ) • (miyako) 

  1. the place where the emperor resides
  2. a city that acts as an economic and political center; capital
  3. metropolis

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
京
けい
Grade: 2
on’yomi

Number[edit]

京(けい) • (kei) 

  1. 10,000,000,000,000,000, 1016, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion

See also[edit]

Japanese numerical compounds with 京(けい) (kei)
1016 2 × 1016 3 × 1016 4 × 1016 5 × 1016 6 × 1016 7 × 1016 8 × 1016 9 × 1016 1017 1018
一(いっ)京(けい) (ikkei) 二(に)京(けい) (nikei) 三(さん)京(けい) (sankei) 四(よん)京(けい) (yonkei) 五(ご)京(けい) (gokei) 六(ろっ)京(けい) (rokkei) 七(なな)京(けい) (nanakei) 八(はっ)京(けい) (hakkei) 九(きゅう)京(けい) (kyūkei) 十(じゅっ)京(けい) (jukkei) 百(ひゃっ)京(けい) (hyakkei)

Korean[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 京 (MC kjaeng). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “what is its historical reading?”)

Hanja[edit]

京 (eumhun 서울 경 (seoul gyeong))
京 (eumhun 경 경 (gyeong gyeong))

  1. Hanja form? of 경 (“capital”).
  2. Hanja form? of 경 (“10,000,000,000,000,000, 1016, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion”).

Compounds[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
  • Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 대법원, Daehanmin'guk Daebeobwon) (2018). Table of hanja for personal names (인명용 한자표 / 人名用漢字表, Inmyeong-yong hanja-pyo), page 3. [3]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

京: Hán Việt readings: kinh[1][2][3][4][5][6], nguyên
京: Nôm readings: kinh[1][2][3], kiêng[1][2][3][7], kềnh[1], kình[1]

Noun[edit]

京 • (kinh)

  1. chữ Hán form of kinh (“capital city”).

Adjective[edit]

京 • (Kinh)

  1. chữ Hán form of Kinh (“ethnically Vietnamese”).

Verb[edit]

京 • (kiêng)

  1. Nôm form of kiêng (“to respect”).

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Nguyễn (1974).
  5. ^ Trần (1999).
  6. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
  7. ^ Hồ (1976).
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