劫

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See also: 刦
劫 U+52AB, 劫
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52AB
← 努
[U+52AA] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 劬 →
[U+52AC]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

劫 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 土戈大尸 (GIKS) or 難土戈大尸 (XGIKS), four-corner 47720, composition ⿰去力)

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 30
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2316
  • Dae Jaweon: page 331, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 367, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+52AB

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 劫
alternative forms
 
刧
刦
𠛗
刼
𠉨
刧
刦
𠛗
刼
𠉨
𠞏

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 劫
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (去) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
佉 *kʰal
呿 *kʰal, *kʰas, *kʰab
抾 *kʰɯ, *kʰɯ, *kʰab
弆 *kaʔ, *kʰaʔ
祛 *kʰa
袪 *kʰa
阹 *kʰa
胠 *kʰa, *kʰas, *kʰab
魼 *kʰa, *kʰl'aːb
去 *kʰaʔ, *kʰas
麮 *kʰaʔ, *kʰas
鼁 *kʰas
砝 *kaːb, *kab
劫 *kab, *kab
鉣 *kab
蜐 *kab, *kab
怯 *kʰab

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kab, *kab) : phonetic 去 (OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) + semantic 力 (“power, force”)

Etymology[edit]

“(Buddhism) disaster”
Short for 劫波 (jiébō), from Sanskrit कल्प (kalpa).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 劫
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕiɛ³⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕiɛ²⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
Jinan /t͡ɕiə⁴²/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiə⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕiɛ²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiɛ²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕie¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕiə¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕiɤ⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡ɕie²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰie³¹/
/t͡ɕie³¹/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰie²¹/
Kunming /t͡ɕiɛ³¹/
Nanjing /t͡ɕieʔ⁵/
Hefei /t͡ɕiɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰiəʔ²/
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰiʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵/
Suzhou /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕi²¹³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕieʔ²¹/
Tunxi /t͡ɕia⁵/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕie²⁴/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕie²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕiɛʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /kiap̚¹/
Taoyuan /kiɑp̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kip̚³/
Nanning /kip̚³³/
Hong Kong /kip̚³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiap̚³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kiɛʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kiɛ²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kiap̚²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kiap̚⁵/
Rime
Character 劫
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 嚴 (147)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 居怯切
Baxter kjaep
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɨɐp̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kiɐp̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiɐp̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kɨap̚/
Li
Rong 		/kiap̚/
Wang
Li 		/kĭɐp̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ki̯ɐp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jie
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gip3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 劫
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jié
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kjæp ›
Old
Chinese 		/*k(r)ap/
English rob

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 劫 劫
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 6438 10694
Phonetic
component 		劫 去
Rime
group 		盍 盍
Rime
subdivision 		1 1
Corresponding
MC rime 		劫 劫
Old
Chinese 		/*kab/ /*kab/
Notes 荀子從刀，又譯kalpa 荀子從刀，又梵譯kalpa

Definitions[edit]

劫

  1. to coerce; to compel; to threaten
  2. to rob; to plunder; to take by force
  3. (Buddhism) Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).
    1. (hyperbolic) extremely long time
    2. (figurative, by extension) disaster; calamity; catastrophe

Synonyms[edit]

  • (to coerce):
  • (disaster):

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (劫):
  • → Japanese: 劫(こう) (kō)
  • → Korean: 겁(劫) (geop)
  • → Vietnamese: kiếp (劫)

Others:

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

劫

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

  1. intimidate
  2. aeon, eon

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Kanji in this term
劫
こう
Jinmeiyō
on’yomi

/kopu/ → /kofu/ → */kowu/ → /koː/

From Middle Chinese 劫 (MC kjaep), short form of 劫波 (MC kjaep pa), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit कल्प (kalpa, “aeon”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Noun[edit]

劫(こう) • (kō) ←こふ (kofu)?

  1. (Buddhism) kalpa: a unit of time in Buddhist cosmology
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
Proverbs[edit]

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Noun[edit]

劫(こう) • (kō) ←こふ (kofu)?

  1. (go) a position in which two alternating stones can be captured and recaptured indefinitely
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
劫
ごう
Jinmeiyō
on’yomi

/ɡopu/ → /ɡofu/ → */ɡowu/ → /ɡoː/

Possibly a shift from kō above. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

劫(ごう) • (gō) ←ごふ (gofu)?

  1. (Buddhism) kalpa: a unit of time in Buddhist cosmology
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 劫 (MC kjaep). Recorded as Middle Korean 刼/겁〮 (kép) (Yale: kep) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

劫 (eumhun 위협할 겁 (wihyeophal geop))

  1. Hanja form? of 겁 (“coerce; threaten”). [affix]
  2. Hanja form? of 겁 (“kalpa”). [noun]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

劫: Hán Nôm readings: kiếp

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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