算

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See also: 祘
算 U+7B97, 算
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7B97
← 箖
[U+7B96] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 箘 →
[U+7B98]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
14 strokes

Han character[edit]

算 (Kangxi radical 118, 竹+8, 14 strokes, cangjie input 竹月山廿 (HBUT), four-corner 88446, composition ⿱𥫗𥃲 or ⿱𥬥廾)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 888, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26146
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1315, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 2981, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+7B97

Chinese[edit]

trad. 算
simp. # 算
2nd round simp. 祘
alternative forms 𥫫
筭
祘
𮅕

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 算
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (算) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
纂 *ʔsloːnʔ
繤 *ʔsloːnʔ
算 *sloːnʔ, *sloːns
匴 *sloːnʔ
篹 *sloːnʔ
篡 *sʰroːns
攥 *ʔsloːd

In current form, 竹 (“bamboo”) + 目 + 廾.

The 目 portion may have originally represented counting rods (or possibly an abacus, although the character is believed to predate its invention). Such rods were typically made from bamboo.

Etymology[edit]

It has been compared with Tibetan གཤོར (gshor, “to count, to measure, to weigh”) by Gong (1995).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • sǹg/sùiⁿ - colloquial;
  • soàn - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 算
Mandarin Beijing /suan⁵¹/
Harbin /suan⁵³/
Tianjin /suan⁵³/
Jinan /suã²¹/
Qingdao /suã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /suan³¹²/
Xi'an /suã⁴⁴/
Xining /suã²¹³/
Yinchuan /suan¹³/ ～術
/suan⁵³/ ～了
Lanzhou /suɛ̃n¹³/
Ürümqi /suan²¹³/
Wuhan /san³⁵/
Chengdu /suan¹³/
Guiyang /suan²¹³/
Kunming /suã̠²¹²/
Nanjing /suaŋ⁴⁴/
Hefei /sʊ̃⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /suæ̃⁴⁵/
Pingyao /suɑŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /suæ̃⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /sø³⁵/
Suzhou /sø⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /sz̩ʷõ⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /sø⁴²/
Hui Shexian /so³²⁴/
Tunxi /suːə⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /sõ⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /sɔn⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /sɵn⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /son⁵³/
Taoyuan /son⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /syn³³/
Nanning /ɬyn³³/
Hong Kong /syn³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /suan²¹/
/sŋ̍²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /sɔuŋ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /sɔŋ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /suaŋ²¹³/
/sɯŋ²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /suaŋ²³/
/tui³⁵/
Rime
Character 算
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 桓 (62)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蘇管切
Baxter swanX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/suɑnX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sʷɑnX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/suɑnX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/swanX/
Li
Rong 		/suɑnX/
Wang
Li 		/suɑnX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/suɑnX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		suǎn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		syun2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 算
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		suàn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ swanH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s]ˁorʔ-s/
English calculate; tally

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 算 算
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 12137 12140
Phonetic
component 		算 算
Rime
group 		元 元
Rime
subdivision 		3 3
Corresponding
MC rime 		算 筭
Old
Chinese 		/*sloːnʔ/ /*sloːns/

Definitions[edit]

算

  1. to count; to calculate; to figure
  2. to plan; to arrange; to design
  3. to guess; to estimate; to approximate
  4. to regard as; to consider
  5. to count; to be of significance
  6. to let it pass; to give up
  7. finally; eventually
  8. Alternative form of 筭 (suàn, “ancient device for counting numbers”)
  9. (Guanzhong Mandarin, Mandarin) while
    伢算說算笑／伢算说算笑 [Guanzhong Mandarin]  ―  niǎ suān shě suān xiāo [Pinyin]  ―  He speaks as he laughs
  10. (Hong Kong) ratio between two currencies, expressed with only the first significant figure
    日元兌港元跌穿六算。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    日元兑港元跌穿六算。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    jat6 jyun4 deoi3 gong2 jyun4 dit3 cyun1 luk6 syun3. [Jyutping]
    The exchange rate between Japanese Yen and Hong Kong Dollars has dropped below the ratio of 1 JPY to 0.06 HKD [literally: …below the ratio of 6.]

Synonyms[edit]

  • (to calculate):
Dialectal synonyms of 算 (“to calculate”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 算, 計算, 計數
Mandarin Taiwan 算
Yantai (Muping) 算
Wanrong 算
Xi'an 算
Ürümqi 算
Guilin 算
Yangzhou 算
Malaysia 算
Singapore 算
Cantonese Guangzhou 計
Hong Kong 計
Taishan 計
Dongguan 計
Singapore (Guangfu) 計
Gan Nanchang 算
Lichuan 算
Hakka Meixian 算
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 算
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 算
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 算
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 算
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 算
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 算
Kuching (Hepo) 算
Huizhou Jixi 算
Eastern Min Fuzhou 算
Southern Min Tainan 算
Singapore (Hokkien) 算
Shantou 算
Singapore (Teochew) 算
Wu Shanghai 算
Jinhua 算
  • (to plan):
  • (to guess):
  • (to regard):

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • → Lü: ᦉᦸᧃᧈ (ṡoan¹)

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

算

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. Counting, calculation

Readings[edit]

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 算 (MC swanX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 솬〯 (Yale: swǎn)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 혤〯 (Yale: hyěyl) 산〯 (Yale: sǎn)

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)n]
  • Phonetic hangul: [산(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

算 (eumhun 셈 산 (sem san))

  1. Hanja form? of 산 (“to count; to calculate”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

算: Hán Nôm readings: toán, toan

  1. chữ Hán form of toán (“mathematics”).
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