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U+98DF, 食
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-98DF

[U+98DE]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+98E0]
U+2FB7, ⾷
KANGXI RADICAL EAT

[U+2FB6]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2FB8]
U+2EDD, ⻝
CJK RADICAL EAT ONE

[U+2EDC]
CJK Radicals Supplement
[U+2EDE]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
9 strokes
Stroke order

Alternative forms[edit]

  • (when used as a left Chinese radical) 𩙿

Han character[edit]

(Kangxi radical 184, +0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人戈日女 (OIAV), four-corner 80732, composition )

  1. Kangxi radical #184, .

Derived terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1415, character 29
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44014
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1939, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4440, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+98DF

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Pictogram (象形): a mouth over a bowl of rice on a stand. While the current form is +, the lower part (bowl of rice on a stand) is cognate to , not to or . This is more visible in the form 𠊊.

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *lɯɡs, *ɦljɯɡ): phonetic (OC *zub) + semantic ; see 𠊊.

Etymology 1[edit]

trad.
simp. #
alternative forms

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s/g-ljak.

Pronunciation[edit]


Note:
  • sĭk - literary;
  • siĕk - vernacular.
  • Southern Min
  • Note:
    • si̍t - vernacular (Xiamen, Zhangzhou), literary (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taiwan);
    • se̍k - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
    Harbin /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
    Tianjin /ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
    Jinan /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
    Qingdao /ʃz̩⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
    Xi'an /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
    Xining /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
    Yinchuan /ʂʐ̩¹³/
    Lanzhou /ʂʐ̩⁵³/
    Ürümqi /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
    Wuhan /sz̩²¹³/
    Chengdu /sz̩³¹/
    Guiyang /sz̩²¹/
    Kunming /ʂʐ̩³¹/
    Nanjing /ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
    Hefei /ʂəʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /səʔ⁵⁴/
    Pingyao /ʂʌʔ⁵³/
    Hohhot /səʔ⁴³/
    Wu Shanghai /zəʔ¹/
    Suzhou /zəʔ³/
    Hangzhou /zəʔ²/
    Wenzhou /zei²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /ɕi²²/
    Tunxi /ɕi¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
    Xiangtan /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /sɨʔ²/
    Hakka Meixian /sət̚⁵/
    Taoyuan /ʃït̚⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /sek̚²/
    Nanning /sek̚²²/
    Hong Kong /sik̚²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /sik̚⁵/
    /t͡siaʔ⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /siʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /si⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /t͡siaʔ⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /sek̚⁵/
    /t͡sia³³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial () (27)
    Final () (134)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter zyik
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ʑɨk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ʑɨk̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ʑiek̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /ʑik̚/
    Li
    Rong
    /d͡ʑiək̚/
    Wang
    Li
    /d͡ʑĭək̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /d͡ʑʰi̯ək̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    shí
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    sik6
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    shí
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ zyik ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*mə-lək/
    English eat

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 11477
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*ɦljɯɡ/

    Definitions[edit]

    1. (literary or Cantonese, Hakka) to eat; to have a meal; to take in
      [Cantonese, trad.]
      [Cantonese, simp.]
      nei5 sik6 zo2 faan6 mei6 aa3? [Jyutping]
      Have you eaten yet?
      中國人筷子 [Cantonese, trad.]
      中国人筷子 [Cantonese, simp.]
      zung1 gwok3 jan4 hai6 zaa1 faai3 zi2 sik6 faan6 ge3. [Jyutping]
      Chinese people use chopsticks to eat with.
      星期日朋友一齊晚飯 [Cantonese, trad.]
      星期日朋友一齐晚饭 [Cantonese, simp.]
      soeng6 sing1 kei4 jat6 ngo5 tung4 di1 pang4 jau5 jat1 cai4 sik6 maan5 faan6. [Jyutping]
      Last Sunday, I ate dinner together with my friends.
    2. (dialectal Cantonese, Hakka) to drink
    3. (Cantonese, Hakka) to take in; to inhale; to smoke
      [Cantonese]  ―  sik6 jin1 [Jyutping]  ―  to smoke
      大麻 [Cantonese]  ―  sik6 daai6 maa4 [Jyutping]  ―  to smoke marijuana
    4. (Cantonese) to consume; to use up
      [Cantonese]  ―  sik6 din6 [Jyutping]  ―  to drain battery
    5. (Cantonese, figurative) to extract; to extort; to absorb; to swallow
      [Hong Kong Cantonese]  ―  sik6 cin4-2 [Jyutping]  ―  to swallow banknotes
    6. (Cantonese) to absorb; to get into; to enter; to be stuck inside
    7. (Cantonese, Hakka, board games) to capture
      盲棋時候可以 [Cantonese, trad.]
      盲棋时候可以 [Cantonese, simp.]
      waan4-2 maang4 kei4-2 ge3 si4 hau6, geoi1 ho2 ji5 sik6 maa5, paau3, si6, zoeng6, zeot1. [Jyutping]
      When playing blind chess, a rook can capture knights, cannons, advisors, bishops or pawns.
    8. (Cantonese, mahjong) Short for 食糊 (“to win”).
    9. (Cantonese) to receive; to be affected by; to be on the receiving end
      [Cantonese]  ―  ngaang6 sik6 [Jyutping]  ―  to be forced to accept something
      [Cantonese]  ―  sik6 fung1 [Jyutping]  ―  being blown by wind
    10. (Cantonese) to hit on; to flirt
      [Cantonese]  ―  sik6 neoi5-2 [Jyutping]  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    11. meal; food
    12. edible
    13. Alternative form of (shí, to eat away; to erode)
    14. Alternative form of (shí, eclipse (of the Sun or Moon))
    Usage notes[edit]
    • When playing mahjong in Cantonese, a player may say this word as a call when winning from another player's discard.
    Synonyms[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    trad.
    simp. #
    alternative forms 𠊊

    The *s- causative of Etymology 1.

    Pronunciation[edit]



    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ ziH ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*s-m-lək-s/
    English feed (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

    Definitions[edit]

    1. Original form of (, “to feed; to make ... eat or cause ... to eat”).

    Etymology 3[edit]

    trad.
    simp. #
    alternative forms
    𠋡 Eastern Min
    Min Nan
    Min Nan

    Kwok (2018) reconstructs Proto-Southern Min *tsiaʔ⁸ and tentatively reconstructs Proto-Min *dziak (in Norman's system).

    While often considered as the vernacular counterpart to etymology 1, it is unlikely to be related to etymology 1 (Norman, 1991; Klöter, 2005; Fuehrer and Yang, 2014). Schuessler (2007) suggests it derives from (to chew) (probably based on Norman's unpublished manuscripts).

    Pronunciation[edit]


    Definitions[edit]

    1. (Coastal Min) to eat; to have a meal; to take in
      [Hokkien]  ―  chia̍h-pn̄g [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to eat rice; to have a meal
      [Hokkien]  ―  chia̍h pá bōe? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  Have you eaten yet?
    2. (Coastal Min) to drink
      [Teochew]  ―  ziah85 [Peng'im]  ―  to drink tea
      燒酒烧酒 [Hokkien]  ―  chia̍h sio-chiú [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to drink rice wine
    3. (Coastal Min) to take in; to inhale; to smoke
      [Hokkien]  ―  chia̍h-hun [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to inhale smoke; to smoke
    4. (Southern Min) to embezzle; to misappropriate (money)
      [Hokkien]  ―  chia̍h-lui [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to embezzle money
    5. (Eastern Min, Hokkien, Leizhou Min, board games) to capture
    6. (Hokkien) to consume; to use up
    7. (Hokkien) to suffer; to endure; to bear
    8. (Hokkien, mahjong) to chow
    9. (Hokkien, Leizhou Min) to dine at (a certain food establishment)
      菜館菜馆 [Hokkien]  ―  chia̍h-chhài-koán [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to dine at a restaurant
    10. (Hokkien, Leizhou Min) to rely on; to depend on
    11. (Hokkien, Leizhou Min) to engage in; to undertake; to do (for a living)
    12. (Hokkien) to live; to grow up
    13. (Mainland China Hokkien) to pick on; to bully; to push around
    14. (Mainland China Hokkien) to make a decision; to resolve to
    15. (Taiwanese Hokkien) to colour; to dye
    16. (Penang Hokkien, Teochew) cuisine
      Synonym: (cài)
      廣東广东 [Teochew]  ―  [translit?] [Peng'im]  ―  Guangdong food
    17. (Leizhou Min) to be eaten away (by insects, etc.)
    Usage notes[edit]
    • When playing mahjong in Hokkien, a player may say this word as a call when forming a chowing another player's discard.
    Synonyms[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    • Indonesian: ciak
    • Thai: เจี๊ยะ (jía)

    Etymology 4[edit]

    trad.
    simp. #

    From Proto-Min *jiap or *jiat (to eat). While sometimes considered as the vernacular counterpart to etymology 1, it may be from (*ɢrab, to carry food to workers in the field) (Norman, 1991; Schuessler, 2007).

    Pronunciation[edit]


    Definitions[edit]

    1. (Inland Min) Alternative form of (to eat)

    Etymology 5[edit]

    trad.
    simp. #

    Pronunciation[edit]


    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial () (36)
    Final () (19)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter yiH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /jɨH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /jɨH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ieH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /jɨH/
    Li
    Rong
    /iəH/
    Wang
    Li
    /jĭəH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /iH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    ji6
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 11476
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*lɯɡs/

    Definitions[edit]

    1. Used in personal names.
        ―    ―  Li Yiji (an advisor to Liu Bang)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Shinjitai
    Kyūjitai
    [1][2]

    食󠄁
    +&#xE0101;?
    (Adobe-Japan1)
    食󠄃
    +&#xE0103;?
    (Hanyo-Denshi)
    (Moji_Joho)
    The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
    See here for details.

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. to eat
    2. a meal

    Readings[edit]

    From Middle Chinese (MC zyik); compare Mandarin (shí):

    From Middle Chinese (MC ziH); compare Mandarin ():

    From Middle Chinese (MC yiH); compare Mandarin ():

    From native Japanese roots:

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    うか
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Unbound apophonic form (uke).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

    Noun[edit]

    (うか) (uka

    1. food
    2. grain

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    うけ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    uka + i → uke2 → uke. Bound apophonic form (uka).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (うけ) (uke

    1. food

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term

    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Cognate with (ke).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    () (ke

    1. food
      ()()(くに)
      mi ke tsu kuni
      the land of foods

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    しょく
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese (MC zyik).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (しょく) (shoku

    1. a meal
    2. foodstuff
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    しょく
    Grade: 2
    kan’on
    Alternative spelling

    From Middle Chinese (MC zyik, “to eat away at, to erode; to eclipse”), originally the same word in Old Chinese as (MC zyik, “to eat”).

    First attested in the 延喜式 (Engishiki) of 927.[5]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (しょく) (shoku

    1. [from 927] , : (astronomy) eclipse (often, but not exclusively, of the sun or the moon)
      Synonyms: 日食 (nisshoku, solar eclipse), 月食 (gesshoku, lunar eclipse)
      • 2015, 田原真人, これだけ! 高校物理 波・音・光 波動編, 秀和システム, →ISBN, page 97:
        レーマーが(もく)(せい)(えい)(せい)(ひと)つであるイオの(しょく)(しゅう)()(そく)(てい)したところ、(いっ)(てい)ではなく、()(きゅう)(こう)(てん)(ともな)(へん)(どう)することがわかりました。
        Rēmā ga Mokusei no eisei no hitotsu de aru Io no shoku no shūki o sokutei shita tokoro, ittei de wa naku, Chikyū no kōten ni tomonai hendō suru koto ga wakarimashita.
        When Rømer measured the period of the eclipses of Io, one of Jupiter's satellites, he discovered that it was not constant but fluctuated with the Earth's revolution.
    Derived terms[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 2332 (paper), page 1218 (digital)
    2. ^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927) 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 1372 (paper), page 699 (digital)
    3. 3.0 3.1 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011) 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    4. 4.0 4.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    5. ^ 蝕・食”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten)[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Middle Chinese (MC zyik).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun (bap sik))
    (eumhun 먹을 (meogeul sik))

    1. Hanja form? of (meal; food).
    2. (literary) Hanja form? of (to eat).

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Related to Middle Chinese (MC ziH).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    (eumhun 먹이 (meogi sa))

    1. (literary) Hanja form? of (feed).

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    From Middle Chinese (MC yiH).

    Historical readings

    Hanja[edit]

    (eumhun 사람 이름 (saram ireum i))

    1. Hanja form? of (used in personal names).

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [4]

    Kunigami[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Miyako[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Okinawan[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    : Hán Việt readings: thực ((thừa)(lực)(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5], tự[3]
    : Nôm readings: thực[2][4][6], xực[1]

    1. chữ Hán form of thực (food; meal).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    Yaeyama[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Yonaguni[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]