開

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See also: 开
開 U+958B, 開
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-958B
← 閊
[U+958A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 閌 →
[U+958C]
開 U+2F9EE, 開
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9EE
← 𨯺
[U+2F9ED] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 䦕 →
[U+2F9EF]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

開 (Kangxi radical 169, 門+4, 12 strokes, cangjie input 日弓一廿 (ANMT), four-corner 77441, composition ⿵門开(U+958B) or ⿵門幵(U+2F9EE))

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1331, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41233
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1835, character 15
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4286, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+958B

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 開
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 門 (“door”) + 一 (“latch”) + 廾 (“a pair of hands”) — a pair of hands opening a latched door. 一 and 廾 are combined into 开 since the seal script.

Compare 闢.

Etymology 1[edit]

trad. 開
simp. 开*
alternative forms
 
𫔭 obsolete Singapore simplified
䦐
𨴉
𨳩
𨴂
𫔭 obsolete Singapore simplified
䦐
𨴉
𨳩
𨴂
𨵹
𨶘
𨵑

According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “door”), Tibetan ཁ (kha, “mouth”), Tibetan སྒོ (sgo, “door”).

The word is possibly a colloquial variant of 闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls) (Schuessler, 2007). Proto-Mien *kʰu̯ɔiᴬ (“to open”) (whence Iu Mien kʰɔi¹) and Thai ไข (kǎi) are Chinese loans (Ratliff, 2010).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • kŭi - vernacular;
  • kăi - literary.
Note:
  • khui - vernacular;
  • khai - literary.
Note:
  • kui1 - vernacular;
  • kai1 - literary.
Rime
Character 開
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 苦哀切
Baxter khoj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰʌi/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰəi/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰɒi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰəj/
Li
Rong 		/kʰᴀi/
Wang
Li 		/kʰɒi/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kʰɑ̆i/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		kāi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hoi1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 開 開
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		kāi kāi
Middle
Chinese 		‹ khoj › ‹ khoj ›
Old
Chinese 		/*Nə-[k]ʰˁəj/ /*[k]ʰˁəj/
English to open (v.i.) to open (v.t.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 開
Reading # 1/1
No. 7348
Phonetic
component 		開
Rime
group 		微
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		開
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰɯːl/

Definitions[edit]

開

  1. to open; to unlatch; to unfasten
    我開不到這扇門。 [MSC, trad.]
    我开不到这扇门。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ kāi budào zhè shàn mén. [Pinyin]
    I can't open the door.
    商店開到八點。／商店开到八点。  ―  Shāngdiàn kāi dào bā diǎn.  ―  The shop opens till eight o'clock.
  2. to start; to turn on; to switch on
    開電燈／开电灯  ―  kāi diàndēng  ―  to switch the light on
    開電腦／开电脑  ―  kāi diànnǎo  ―  to turn on the computer
  3. to make an opening; to open up
    開荒／开荒  ―  kāihuāng  ―  to open up wasteland
    開運河／开运河  ―  kāi yùnhé  ―  to dig a canal
    在牆上開個洞／在墙上开个洞  ―  zài qiáng shàng kāi ge dòng  ―  to make a hole in the wall
  4. (of a flower) to open out; to bloom
    花開了。／花开了。  ―  Huā kāi le.  ―  The flower is blooming.
  5. (of a frozen river) to thaw
  6. to begin; to start
    開工／开工  ―  kāigōng  ―  to start working
  7. to start; to set up; to open
    開間燒臘舖／开间烧腊铺 [Cantonese]  ―  hoi1 gaan1 siu1 laap6 pou3-2 [Jyutping]  ―  to open a roasted meats shop
    我開了個銀行帳戶。 [MSC, trad.]
    我开了个银行帐户。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ kāi le ge yínxíng zhànghù. [Pinyin]
    I opened a bank account.
  8. to remove (a ban or restriction)
    開禁／开禁  ―  kāijìn  ―  to lift a ban
    開齋／开斋  ―  kāizhāi  ―  to resume a meat diet
  9. to boil (bubble and turn to vapour)
    水開了沒有？／水开了没有？  ―  Shuǐ kāi le méiyǒu?  ―  Has the water boiled?
  10. to write out (a prescription, check, invoice, etc.)
    開支票／开支票  ―  kāi zhīpiào  ―  to write a check
    我們開了一張學生必讀書單。 [MSC, trad.]
    我们开了一张学生必读书单。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒmen kāi le yī zhāng xuéshēng bìdú shūdān. [Pinyin]
    We made a list of required books for students.
  11. to book (a hotel room)
  12. to operate/run a business
  13. to hold (a meeting, exhibition, etc.)
    開會／开会  ―  kāihuì  ―  to hold a meeting
  14. to pay
    開工資／开工资  ―  kāi gōngzī  ―  to pay wages
  15. to operate; to drive (a vehicle)
    開車／开车  ―  kāichē  ―  to drive a car
    開炮／开炮  ―  kāipào  ―  to fire a cannon
    船長把船開到對岸去。 [MSC, trad.]
    船长把船开到对岸去。 [MSC, simp.]
    Chuánzhǎng bǎ chuán kāi dào duì'àn qù. [Pinyin]
    The captain sailed the boat to the opposite bank.
    火車已經開了。／火车已经开了。  ―  Huǒchē yǐjīng kāi le.  ―  The train has already departed.
    開咁快做咩啫？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    开咁快做咩啫？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    hoi1 gam3 faai3 zou6 me1 zek1? [Jyutping]
    What's the point of driving so fast?
  16. apart; away
    散開／散开  ―  sànkāi  ―  to separate and strew; to scatter; to disperse
    走開／走开  ―  zǒukāi  ―  to move out of the way
    坐開／坐开 [Cantonese]  ―  co5 hoi1 [Jyutping]  ―  to sit farther away
    唔好游咁開。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    唔好游咁开。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    m4 hou2 jau4 gam3 hoi1. [Jyutping]
    Don't swim so far away.
  17. (informal) Short for 開除／开除 (kāichú, “to fire; to sack; to discharge; to dismiss”).
  18. (informal) to eat up
  19. (Cantonese, archaic) Progressive aspect particle, used to express that an event is/was in progress.
  20. (Cantonese) Inceptive and continuous aspect particle, used to express that an event has started and continues on for a while.
  21. (Cantonese) Habitual aspect particle.
    你有冇食開啲乜嘢藥㗎？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    你有冇食开啲乜嘢药㗎？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 jau5 mou5 sik6 hoi1 di1 mat1 je5 joek6 gaa3? [Jyutping]
    Are you taking any medications?
  22. (Cantonese) Converbal aspect particle used to express a condition or rationale.
    去開買餸，幫我買樽豉油吖。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    去开买𩠌，帮我买樽豉油吖。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    heoi3 hoi1 maai5 sung3, bong1 ngo5 maai5 zeon1 si6 jau4 aa1. [Jyutping]
    When you go and do your groceries, buy a bottle of soy sauce for me.
  23. (Chinese phonetics) Short for 開口／开口 (kāikǒu, “open-mouthed”).
  24. (Hokkien) to spend (money)
  25. a surname
Synonyms[edit]
Antonyms[edit]
  • (antonym(s) of "to open"): 關／关 (guān)
  • (antonym(s) of "apart"):
Compounds[edit]
Descendants[edit]
Sino-Xenic (開):
  • → Japanese: 開(かい) (kai)
  • → Vietnamese: khai (開)

Others:

  • → Lao: ໄຂ (khai, “open”)
  • → Thai: ไข (kǎi, “open”)
  • → Vietnamese: khơi
  • → Zhuang: hai (“open”)

Etymology 2[edit]

trad. 開
simp. 开*
alternative forms K

Borrowed from English K (“karat”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

開

  1. karat (measure of gold purity)

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

trad. 開
simp. 开*

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

開

  1. (physics) Short for 開爾文／开尔文 (kāi'ěrwén, “kelvin”).

Etymology 4[edit]

trad. 開
simp. 开*
alternative forms 嗨

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation[edit]

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Definitions[edit]

開

  1. (dialectal Cantonese, dialectal Hakka) Perfective aspect particle.
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 了 (“(perfective particle)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 矣1
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 了
Mandarin Beijing 了
Taiwan 了
Harbin 了
Yantai (Muping) 了
Jinan 了
Luoyang 了
Wanrong 嘮
Xi'an 咧
Yinchuan 了
Ürümqi 咧
Wuhan 了
Chengdu 了
Guiyang 了
Guilin 了
Liuzhou 了
Xuzhou 了
Yangzhou 了
Nanjing 了
Malaysia 了
Singapore 了
Cantonese Guangzhou 咗, 嘵 obsolete
Hong Kong 咗
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 咗
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 咗
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 耗
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 好
Macau 咗, 敲
Guangzhou (Panyu) 咗
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 咗
Guangzhou (Conghua) 咗
Foshan 咗
Foshan (Sanshui) 咗
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 咗
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 哺
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 咗
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 誒, 咗
Taishan 誒
Kaiping (Chikan) 誒
Enping (Niujiang) 誒
Dongguan 敲
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 好
Shenzhen (Dapeng) 後, 咗
Qingyuan 咗
Fogang 咗
Yingde (Hanguang) 咗
Shaoguan 咗
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 咗
Renhua 咗
Lechang 咗
Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) 咗
Xinxing 標
Luoding 咗
Yangjiang 都
Nanning 嗮
Nanning (Tanka) 嗮
Wuzhou 啊
Hepu (Lianzhou) 了
Guiping 畢
Guiping (Mule) 開, 了
Pingnan 開
Guigang (Gangcheng) 開
Guigang (Pingdong) 開, 了
Beihai 了
Beihai (Nankang) 了
Beihai (Yingpan) 了
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 了, 咗
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 咗
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 了, 咗
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 咗
Singapore (Guangfu) 咗
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 咗
Móng Cái 了, 咗
Gan Nanchang 了
Lichuan 了
Hakka Meixian 了
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 拋, 阿
Dongguan (Qingxi) 開
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 開
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 開
Wuhua (Shuizhai) 哩
Wuhua (Huacheng) 哩
Wuhua (Changbu) 哩
Wuhua (Mianyang) 哩
Yudu 了
Hong Kong 開
Senai (Huiyang) 開
Kuching (Hepo) 了
Huizhou Jixi 了
Jin Taiyuan 咾
Xinzhou 咾
Jiuxing Yumin Lanxi 了
Northern Min Jian'ou 了
Eastern Min Fuzhou 了, 𡅏
Southern Min Penang (Hokkien) 了
Singapore (Hokkien) 了
Manila (Hokkien) 了, 囉
Chaozhou 了
Shantou 了
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 了
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 了
Wu Shanghai 仔, 了
Shanghai (Chongming) 仔
Suzhou 仔
Hangzhou 得, 了
Hangzhou (Yuhang) 得, 了
Ningbo 仔
Wenzhou 爻
Jinhua 了

Japanese[edit]

Ryakuji for 開, based on ryakuji for 門; compare also 間 and 𫔭.

Kanji[edit]

開

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. open

Readings[edit]

Antonyms[edit]

  • (antonym(s) of "to open"): 閉

Derived terms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
開
かい
Grade: 3
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 開 (MC khoj).

Pronunciation[edit]

Affix[edit]

開(かい) • (kai) 

  1. open
  2. start; beginning

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 開 (MC khoj). Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡ (koy) (Yale: koy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

開 (eumhun 열 개 (yeol gae))

  1. Hanja form? of 개 (“open”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

開: Hán Việt readings: khai[1][2][3][4]
開: Nôm readings: khơi[5], khui[5]

  1. (literary) chữ Hán form of khai (“to open, to start, to begin”).
  2. Nôm form of khui (“to open, to pry open”).

References[edit]

  1. ^ Trần (1999).
  2. ^ Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ^ Bonet (1899).
  4. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hồ (1976).
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