研

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See also: 硎 and 硏
研 U+7814, 研
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7814
← 砓
[U+7813] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 砕 →
[U+7815]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
Traditional 研
Simplified 研
Japanese 研
Korean 硏

Han character[edit]

研 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 一口一廿 (MRMT), four-corner 11640, composition ⿰石开)

Derived characters[edit]

See also[edit]

  • 硏 (Original form of 研)

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 828, character 24
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24080
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1243, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2418, character 14
  • Unihan data for U+7814

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 研
alternative forms 硏
揅

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 研
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (幵) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
笄 *kŋeː
枅 *kŋeː
蚈 *kŋeː, *ŋ̊ʰeːn
羿 *ŋeːs
栞 *ŋ̊ʰaːn
雃 *ŋaːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːn
詽 *ŋreːn, *tŋ̊ʰeːn
揅 *ŋeːn
幵 *kŋeːn
鳽 *kŋeːn, *ŋeːn, *ŋ̊ʰreːŋ, *ŋreːɡ
豣 *kŋeːn, *ŋeːns
麉 *kŋeːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːn
趼 *kŋeːnʔ, *ŋeːn, *ŋeːns
汧 *ŋ̊ʰeːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːns
岍 *ŋ̊ʰeːn
研 *ŋɡeːn, *ŋeːns
妍 *ŋeːn
訮 *hŋeːn
鈃 *ɡeːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɡeːn, *ŋeːns) : semantic 石 + phonetic 幵 (OC *kŋeːn).

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • jin4 - literary;
  • ngaan4 - vernacular (“to grind”).
Note:
  • ngiēng - vernacular;
  • ngiĕng - literary (used in 研究).
Note:
  • gián - literary;
  • géng/nguí/gán/ngái - vernacular.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: ngiêng2 / ngiang2 / ngiêng5 / ngiang5 / ngoin2
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngiéng / ngiáng / ngiêng / ngiâng / ngóiⁿ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋieŋ⁵²/, /ŋiaŋ⁵²/, /ŋieŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋiaŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋõĩ⁵²/
Note:
  • ngiêng2/ngiang2/ngiêng5/ngiang5 - literary (ngiêng2/ngiêng5 - Chaozhou);
  • ngoin2 - vernacular.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 研
Mandarin Beijing /ian³⁵/
Harbin /ian²⁴/
Tianjin /ian⁴⁵/
Jinan /iã⁴²/
Qingdao /iã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ian⁴²/
Xi'an /iã²⁴/
Xining /iã²⁴/
Yinchuan /ian⁵³/
Lanzhou /iɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /ian⁵¹/
Wuhan /niɛn⁵⁵/
Chengdu /ȵian⁵⁵/
Guiyang /nian⁵⁵/
Kunming /iɛ̃³¹/
Nanjing /ien²⁴/
Hefei /iĩ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /ie¹¹/
Pingyao /ȵie̞¹³/
Hohhot /ie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ȵi⁵³/
Suzhou /ȵiɪ¹³/
Hangzhou /ȵiẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou /ȵi³¹/
Hui Shexian /ne³⁵/
Tunxi /ȵiɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ȵiẽ³³/
Xiangtan /ȵiẽ³³/
Gan Nanchang /ȵiɛn²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /ŋan⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /ŋien²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jin²¹/
Nanning /in²¹/
Hong Kong /jin²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /gian³⁵/
/giŋ⁵³/ 俗
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ŋieŋ³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ŋaiŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /ŋiaŋ⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ŋin²³/ ～究
/ŋai²¹³/ ～碎
Rime
Character 研
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 先 (85)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 吾甸切
Baxter ngenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋenH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋenH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋɛnH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋɛnH/
Li
Rong 		/ŋenH/
Wang
Li 		/ŋienH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ŋienH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jin6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 研
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yán
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ngen ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ŋ]ˁe[r]/
English grind; examine

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 研
Reading # 1/2
No. 6171
Phonetic
component 		幵
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		姸
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋɡeːn/

Definitions[edit]

研

  1. to grind; to rub; to sharpen
  2. to investigate; to study; to research
    Synonym: 究 (jiū)
  3. Short for 研究生 (yánjiūshēng, “postgraduate studies or student”).

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of 研 – see 硯 (“inkstone”).
(This character is a variant form of 硯).

Japanese[edit]

Shinjitai

研

Kyūjitai

硏

Kanji[edit]

研

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 硏)

  1. to polish
    Synonym: 磨
  2. study of ...
  3. to sharpen
  4. inkstone
    Synonym: 硯
  5. a surname

Readings[edit]

From Middle Chinese 研 (MC ngen); compare Mandarin 研 (yán):

From Middle Chinese 研 (MC ngenH); compare Mandarin 研 (yàn):

From native Japanese roots:

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

研 (eumhun 갈 연 (gal yeon))

  1. Alternative form of 硏 (“Hanja form? of 연 (“grinding”).”)

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

研: Hán Việt readings: nghiên[1], nghiễn[2]
研: Nôm readings: nghiên[1], nghiền[3], nghiện[3], tên[4]

  1. chữ Hán form of nghiên (“to study, to research”).
  2. Nôm form of nghiền (“to grind”).

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Trần (1999).
  2. ^ Trần (1999)；.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Hồ (1976).
  • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
  • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
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