徒

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See also: 徙

徒 U+5F92, 徒
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F92
← 徑
[U+5F91] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 従 →
[U+5F93]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

徒 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 竹人土卜人 (HOGYO), four-corner 24281, composition ⿰彳走)

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 367, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10121
  • Dae Jaweon: page 691, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 823, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+5F92

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 徒
alternative forms
 
𢓂
𨑒
𨑡
𢔗
𣥲
𢓂
𨑒
𨑡
𢔗
𣥲
𧺔
𧺑
𬾉
𠫠
𠫮

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 徒
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Small seal script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aː) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 土 (OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ). Later corrupted into 彳 + 走.

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 徒
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 定 (7)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 同都切
Baxter du
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/duo/
Pan
Wuyun 		/duo/
Shao
Rongfen 		/do/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/dɔ/
Li
Rong 		/do/
Wang
Li 		/du/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/dʱuo/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		tú
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		tou4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 徒
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		tú
Middle
Chinese 		‹ du ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[d]ˁa/
English go on foot

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 徒
Reading # 1/1
No. 12494
Phonetic
component 		徒
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		徒
Old
Chinese 		/*l'aː/

Definitions[edit]

徒

  1. to be on foot
  2. foot soldier
  3. disciple; follower; adherent
  4. religious follower; apostle; worshipper
  5. the likes of
    Synonym: friend
  6. prison sentence
    無期徒刑／无期徒刑  ―  wúqī tú xíng  ―  life imprisonment (literally, “Sentence of indefinite imprisonment”)
  7. (derogatory) suffix for people with certain characteristics
    暴徒  ―  bàotú  ―  thug
    歹徒  ―  dǎitú  ―  ruffian
  8. bare; plain
    徒跣  ―  túxiǎn  ―  barefoot
    徒手  ―  túshǒu  ―  with one's bare hands
  9. merely; only; just
  10. in vain; unsuccessfully; to no avail
    徒勞／徒劳  ―  túláo  ―  to be futile
  11. a surname

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

徒

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. going on foot
  2. empty-handed
  3. useless, in vain
  4. disciple
  5. a party, a gang
  6. criminal, penal servitude

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
徒
いたずら
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

徒(いたずら) • (itazura) ←いたづら (itadura)?†-nari

  1. useless, pointless, fruitless
  2. unsatisfied because there is nothing to be; tasteless
  3. in idleness

Noun[edit]

徒(いたずら) • (itazura) ←いたづら (itadura)?

  1. a kind of women's hairstyles in the late Edo period
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
徒
あだ
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

徒(あだ) • (ada) †-nari

  1. useless, fruitless
    一度(いちど)限(かぎ)りの人生(じんせい)を徒(あだ)にしてしまう
    ichido kagiri no jinsei o ada ni shiteshimau
    to make one's one-time life gone ruined
  2. (now rare) ephemeral, temporary
  3. (now rare) fickle, frivolous
  4. (now rare) slack, lukewarm
  5. (historical, poetry) the term of the 蕉風俳諧(しょうふうはいかい) (shōfūhaikai, “Bashō style haikai”) to indicate innocent and humorous style
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
徒
かち
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 徒 – see the following entry.
【かち】
[noun] 徒, 歩, 歩行, 徒歩: (dated) walking, going on foot
[noun] 徒, 歩, 歩行, 徒歩, 徒士: (historical) a lower-level samurai who accompanies with the master in walking and goes on the beginning of the parade
Alternative spellings
歩, 歩行, 徒歩, 徒士
(This term, 徒, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
徒
ただ
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 徒 – see the following entry.
【ただタダ】
[noun] 徒, 只: ordinary, common, nothing special
Alternative spelling
只
【ただ】
[adjective] 徒, 只: ordinary, simple
[adjective] 徒, 只: nothing
Alternative spelling
只
(This term, 徒, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 5[edit]

Kanji in this term
徒
むだ
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 徒 – see the following entry.
【無駄むだ】
[adjective] useless, pointless; meaningless
[adjective] wasteful
[noun] uselessness; no good; being in vain; futility
[noun] waste
Alternative spelling
ムダ
(This term, 徒, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 6[edit]

Kanji in this term
徒
と
Grade: 4
kan’on

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

徒(と) • (to) 

  1. fellows, same kind people; a set, a party, a gang
    Synonyms: 輩 (yakara), 輩 (tomogara)
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 7[edit]

Kanji in this term
徒
ず
Grade: 4
goon

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

徒(ず) • (zu) ←づ (du)?

  1. (historical) one of the punishments in the ancient Ritsuryō system; penal servitude
    Synonyms: 徒刑 (tokei), 懲役 (chōeki)
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 8[edit]

Kanji in this term
徒
かし
Grade: 4
irregular

<kasi> → /kaɕi/

From Eastern dialectal form of Old Japanese. Cognate with Modern Japanese かち (kachi, “walking, going on foot”).

Noun[edit]

徒(かし) • (kashi) 

  1. (Classical Japanese, dialectal) Obsolete form of かち (kachi): walking, going on foot
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4417:
      阿加胡麻乎(あかごまを)　夜麻努尓波賀志(やまのにはがし)　刀里加尓弖(とりかにて)　多麻能余許夜麻(たまのよこやま)　加志(かし)由加也良牟(ゆかやらむ) [Man'yōgana]
      赤駒(あかごま)を　山野(やまの)に放(はが)し　捕(と)りかにて　多摩(たま)の横山(よこやま)　徒(かし)ゆか遣(や)らむ [Modern spelling]
      <Akago1ma wo yamano1 ni pagasi to1rikanite Tama no2 yo2ko2yama kasi yuka yaramu>
      → Akagoma o yamano ni hagashi torikanite Tama no yokoyama kashi yuka yaramu
      Having our red horse pastured on the mountain field, but we couldn't catch it; so I'll send him, who'll go on foot through the mountains on the side of Tama.

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 徒 (MC du). Recorded as Middle Korean 도 (two) (Yale: two) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

徒 (eumhun 무리 도 (muri do))

  1. Hanja form? of 도 (“party; gang; group; disciple”).
  2. Hanja form? of 도 (“going on foot”).
  3. Hanja form? of 도 (“useless; in vain”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

徒: Hán Nôm readings: đồ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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