國

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See also: 国

國 U+570B, 國
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-570B
← 圊
[U+570A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 圌 →
[U+570C]

Translingual[edit]

Traditional 國
Simplified 国
Japanese 国
Korean 國
Stroke order
11 strokes
Stroke order
Stroke order
(Taiwan)

Alternative forms[edit]

Han character[edit]

國 (Kangxi radical 31, 囗+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 田戈口一 (WIRM), four-corner 60153, composition ⿴囗或)

Derived characters[edit]

Related characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 219, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4798
  • Dae Jaweon: page 447, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 720, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+570B

Chinese[edit]

trad. 國
simp. 国
alternative forms
 
囯
圀
囶
𡆿
囻
囯
圀
囶
𡆿
囻
𡇅
䆐
戜
𤦂
囗
𡆸
𡆻
𡇎
𡇏
𡇕
𡈑
𢦾
𢧌
𤦒
或
𬪇
㕵
𠰧

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 國
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (或) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
幗 *kʷɯːɡs, *kʷrɯːɡ
慖 *kʷɯːɡs, *kʷrɯːɡ
簂 *kʷɯːɡs
蔮 *kʷɯːɡs
國 *kʷɯːɡ
或 *ɡʷɯːɡ
惑 *ɡʷɯːɡ
蜮 *ɡʷɯːɡ, *ɢʷrɯɡ
閾 *qʰʷrɯɡ
緎 *qʰʷrɯɡ, *ɡʷrɯɡ
淢 *qʰʷrɯɡ, *ɡʷrɯɡ
域 *ɢʷrɯɡ
罭 *ɢʷrɯɡ
棫 *ɡʷrɯɡ
琙 *ɡʷrɯɡ
魊 *ɡʷrɯɡ
馘 *kʷrɯːɡ
聝 *kʷrɯːɡ
膕 *kʷrɯːɡ
摑 *kʷrɯːɡ
漍 *kʷrɯːɡ
嘓 *kʷrɯːɡ
蟈 *kʷrɯːɡ
掝 *qʰʷrɯːɡ
彧 *qʷrɯɡ
稶 *qʷɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷɯːɡ) : semantic 囗 (“closure”) + phonetic 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ).

Etymology[edit]

The k-prefix derivation of 域 (OC *ɢʷrɯɡ, “boundary; territory”). Cognate with 閾 (OC *qʰʷrɯɡ, “threshold”) and 囿 (OC *ɢʷɯs, *ɡʷɯ, “park; garden”).

No obvious outside cognate exists. It may be related to Burmese ကွက် (kwak, “to be marked with a square or circular pattern; to be confined to a certain area”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 國
Mandarin Beijing /kuo³⁵/
Harbin /kuo²¹³/
Tianjin /kuo⁴⁵/
Jinan /kuə⁵⁵/
Qingdao /kuə⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /kuo²⁴/
/kuɛ²⁴/
Xi'an /kuei²¹/
Xining /kuɨ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kuə¹³/
Lanzhou /kuə¹³/
Ürümqi /kuɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /kuɤ²¹³/
Chengdu /kue³¹/
Guiyang /kuɛ²¹/
Kunming /ko³¹/
Nanjing /kueʔ⁵/
Hefei /kuɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /kuəʔ²/
Pingyao /kuʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /kuaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /koʔ⁵/
Suzhou /kuəʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /koʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /kai²¹³/
Hui Shexian /kuʔ²¹/
Tunxi /kuə⁵/
Xiang Changsha /kuə²⁴/
Xiangtan /ko²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /kuɛʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /kuet̚¹/
Taoyuan /kuet̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kwɔk̚³/
Nanning /kɔk̚³³/
Hong Kong /kwɔk̚³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kɔk̚³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kuɔʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ko²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kok̚²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kok̚⁵/
Rime
Character 國
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 登 (132)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古或切
Baxter kwok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kwək̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʷək̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kuək̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kwək̚/
Li
Rong 		/kuək̚/
Wang
Li 		/kuək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kwək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		guo
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gwak1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 國
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		guó
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kwok ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[C.q]ʷˁək/
English state (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 國
Reading # 1/1
No. 5547
Phonetic
component 		或
Rime
group 		職
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		國
Old
Chinese 		/*kʷɯːɡ/

Definitions[edit]

國

  1. country; nation; nation-state; kingdom
    建國／建国  ―  jiànguó  ―  to establish a country
    利國利民／利国利民  ―  lì guó lì mín  ―  to benefit the country and the people
    國營／国营  ―  guóyíng  ―  state-operated; state-run
  2. (obsolete) capital
  3. (obsolete) to make a place the capital city; to establish a capital
  4. (obsolete or in compounds) place; region
    山國／山国  ―  shānguó  ―  mountainous country; hilly region
    水鄉澤國／水乡泽国  ―  shuǐxiāngzéguó  ―  region full of rivers, lakes or canals
  5. (in compounds) national; representing a nation
    國旗／国旗  ―  guóqí  ―  national flag
    國歌／国歌  ―  guógē  ―  national anthem
    國花／国花  ―  guóhuā  ―  national flower
  6. Short for 國語／国语 (guóyǔ, “Mandarin”).
  7. Short for 國民黨／国民党 (Guómíndǎng, “Kuomintang”).
    國共內戰／国共内战  ―  Guó Gòng Nèizhàn  ―  the Chinese Civil War
  8. domestic; of our country (in many contexts meaning Chinese)
    國產、日產／国产、日产  ―  guóchǎn, rìchǎn  ―  made domestically; made in Japan
    國畫／国画  ―  guóhuà  ―  traditional Chinese painting
    國貨／国货  ―  guóhuò  ―  domestic goods (China-made goods)
  9. Classifier for countries (quasi-measure word).
    你會說幾國語言？ [MSC, trad.]
    你会说几国语言？ [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ huì shuō jǐ guó yǔyán? [Pinyin]
    How many languages ​​do you speak?
  10. a surname

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (國):
  • → Japanese: 国(こく) (koku)
  • → Korean: 국(國) (guk)
  • → Vietnamese: quốc (國)

Others:

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Shinjitai

国

Kyūjitai

國

Kanji[edit]

國

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 国)

  1. country, nation, nation-state

Readings[edit]

  • On (unclassified): こく (koku)
  • Kun: くに (kuni, 國)

Noun[edit]

國(くに) • (kuni) 

  1. a land, a country

Korean[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

A variant of "國" commonly found in old books of pre-modern Korea.

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 國 (MC kwok).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 귁〮 (Yale: kwúyk)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 나라〮 (Yale: nàlá) 국〮 (Yale: kwúk)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

國 (eumhun 나라 국 (nara guk))

  1. Hanja form? of 국 (“country; state; nation”). [affix]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

國: Hán Việt readings: quốc[1][2][3]
國: Nôm readings: cuốc[1][3][4], quốc[2][5]

  1. chữ Hán form of quốc (“nation; state; country”).

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Hồ (1976).
  5. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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