出

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See also: 岀 and 齣
出 U+51FA, 出
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51FA
← 凹
[U+51F9] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 击 →
[U+51FB]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
5 strokes
Stroke order

Han character[edit]

出 (Kangxi radical 17, 凵+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 山山 (UU), four-corner 22772, composition ⿱屮凵 or ⿻凵山)

Derived characters[edit]

Related characters[edit]

  • 岀 (U+5C80, Unorthodox variant)

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 135, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1811
  • Dae Jaweon: page 301, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 307, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+51FA

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 出

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 出
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (出) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
聉 *r̥ʰuːlʔ, *ŋrɯd, *ʔr'uːd, *ŋruːd
贅 *kljods
祟 *sqʰluds
出 *kʰljuds, *kʰljud
茁 *ʔl'ɯd, *skruːd, *skrod, *skrud
欪 *qʰlɯd, *l̥ʰud
貀 *ŋr'uːd
袦 *ŋr'oːd
咄 *ʔl'oːd, *ʔl'uːd
柮 *sɡloːd, *ʔl'uːd
拙 *kljod
炪 *kljod, *l̥ʰud
掘 *ɡlod, *ɡlud
鈯 *l'uːd
啒 *kluːd, *qʰluːd
淈 *kluːd, *ɡluːd
窟 *kʰluːd
泏 *kʰluːd, *ʔl'ud
堀 *kʰluːd, *ɡlud
胐 *kʰluːd
窋 *ʔl'ud
絀 *ʔl'ud
黜 *l̥ʰud
屈 *klud, *kʰlud
趉 *klud
鶌 *klud
詘 *kʰlud
倔 *ɡlud
崛 *ɡlud, *ŋɡlud

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 止 (“foot”) + 凵 (“cave”) – to step out of a cave; to exit. Compare 各.

By the Qin dynasty, the character has lost its original shape. Based on the distorted form, Shuowen mistakenly interprets the character as a pictogram (象形) of a plant growing outwards.

Etymology 1[edit]

STEDT derives this word from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-twak (“to come or go out; to emerge”); compare Burmese ထွက် (htwak, “to go or come out; to produce or yield; to leave”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔ-twakᴴ (“to come or got out; to emerge”), Proto-Kuki-Chin *tshuak-I, *tshuaʔ-II (“to come out; to emerge; to appear”). The -t final may be particular to Chinese.

Alternatively, Sagart (1999) and Baxter and Sagart (2014) suggest that this word is related to other words that express extraction, such as 掘 (OC *[ɡ]ut, “to dig out”), and reconstruct the Old Chinese with an intransitivizing prefix *t-.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: cyut1 - variant.
Note:
  • cug4 - literary;
  • cuh4 - vernacular (dialectal).
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 出
Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵/
Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʰu⁴⁴/
/ʈ͡ʂʰu²⁴/ ～去
Tianjin /ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹/
/t͡sʰu²¹/
Jinan /ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹³/
Qingdao /tʃʰu⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰu²⁴/
Xi'an /p͡fʰu²¹/
Xining /ʈ͡ʂʰv̩⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂʰu¹³/
Lanzhou /p͡fʰu¹³/
Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰy²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡sʰu³¹/
Guiyang /t͡sʰu²¹/
Kunming /ʈ͡ʂʰu³¹/
Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂʰuʔ⁵/
Hefei /ʈ͡ʂʰuəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰuəʔ²/
Pingyao /t͡sʰuʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /t͡sʰuəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /t͡sʰəʔ⁵/
Suzhou /t͡sʰəʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡sʰəʔ⁵/
/t͡sʰz̩ʷəʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕʰy²¹³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰyʔ²¹/
Tunxi /t͡sʰə⁵/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕʰy²⁴/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕʰy²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰɨʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰut̚¹/
Taoyuan /tʃʰut̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰøt̚⁵/
Nanning /t͡sʰyt̚⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /t͡sʰøt̚⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡sʰut̚³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /t͡sʰouʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡sʰy²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /t͡sʰuk̚²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /sut̚⁵/
Rime
Character 出 出
Reading # 2/2 1/2
Initial (聲) 昌 (24) 昌 (24)
Final (韻) 諄 (52) 脂 (16)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed Closed
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 赤律切 尺類切
Baxter tsyhwit tsyhwijH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ɕʰiuɪt̚/ /t͡ɕʰiuɪH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡ɕʰʷit̚/ /t͡ɕʰʷiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ɕʰjuet̚/ /t͡ɕʰjuɪH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/cʰwit̚/ /cʰwiH/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ɕʰiuĕt̚/ /t͡ɕʰuiH/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ɕʰĭuĕt̚/ /t͡ɕʰwiH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/t͡ɕʰi̯uĕt̚/ /t͡ɕʰwiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		chu chuì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ceot1 ceoi3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 出 出
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		chū chuì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsyhwit › ‹ tsyhwijH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*t-kʰut/ /*t-kʰut-s/
English go or come out bring or take out

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 出 出
Reading # 2/2 1/2
No. 1578 1545
Phonetic
component 		出 出
Rime
group 		物 隊
Rime
subdivision 		2 3
Corresponding
MC rime 		出 出
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰljud/ /*kʰljuds/

Definitions[edit]

出

  1. to go out; to leave; to exit
    Antonym: 入 (rù)
    出來／出来  ―  chūlái  ―  to come out
    出國／出国  ―  chūguó  ―  to leave one's country
    你出咗門口未呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    你出咗门口未呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 ceot1 zo2 mun4 hau2 mei6 aa3? [Jyutping]
    Have you left home yet?
  2. to appear
    水落石出  ―  shuǐluòshíchū  ―  the truth is revealed (literally, “the water recedes and the rocks appear”)
    語出《論語·雍也》 [MSC, trad.]
    语出《论语·雍也》 [MSC, simp.]
    yǔ chū “Lùnyǔ Yōngyě” [Pinyin]
    It is from Yong Ye of the Analects.
  3. to come; to arrive
    出席  ―  chūxí  ―  to attend
    出場／出场  ―  chūchǎng  ―  to enter the stage
  4. (Cantonese) to go (to a certain place)
    出街 [Cantonese]  ―  ceot1 gaai1 [Jyutping]  ―  to go out
    出市區／出市区 [Cantonese]  ―  ceot1 si5 keoi1 [Jyutping]  ―  to go downtown
    幫我call架的士吖，我要出機場。 [Hong Kong Cantonese, trad.]
    帮我call架的士吖，我要出机场。 [Hong Kong Cantonese, simp.]
    bong1 ngo5 ko1 gaa3 dik1 si6-2 aa1, ngo5 jiu3 ceot1 gei1 coeng4. [Jyutping]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  5. (Cantonese) out; outside
    Antonym: 入 (jap6) (Cantonese)
    出便 [Cantonese]  ―  ceot1 bin6 [Jyutping]  ―  outside
    你企到咁出，因住畀車撞呀。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    你企到咁出，因住畀车撞呀。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 kei5 dou3 gam3 ceot1, jan1 zyu6 bei2 ce1 zong6 aa3. [Jyutping]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  6. to send out; to put forth
    出題目／出题目  ―  chū tímù  ―  to set questions
    你出錢，我出力。 [MSC, trad.]
    你出钱，我出力。 [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ chūqián, wǒ chūlì. [Pinyin]
    You contribute money and I contribute my strength.
    我給他出了個好主意。 [MSC, trad.]
    我给他出了个好主意。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ gěi tā chū le ge hǎo zhǔyì. [Pinyin]
    I came up with a good idea for him.
  7. to exceed
    球出界了。  ―  Qiú chūjiè le.  ―  The ball went out-of-bounds.
    不出一年  ―  bù chū yī nián  ―  within one year
  8. to produce; to turn out
    出煤  ―  chū méi  ―  to produce coal
    他們學校出了個高考狀元。 [MSC, trad.]
    他们学校出了个高考状元。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tāmen xuéxiào chū le ge gāokǎo zhuàngyuán. [Pinyin]
    Their school produced a gaokao top scorer.
  9. to happen; to arise
    出問題／出问题  ―  chū wèntí  ―  to have a problem
    出大事了！  ―  Chū dàshì le!  ―  Something big happened!
  10. to vent
    出芽  ―  chūyá  ―  to sprout
    出汗  ―  chūhàn  ―  to sweat
    出水痘  ―  chū shuǐdòu  ―  to have chickenpox
  11. (ergative) to publish; to be released (e.g. a product, film, or announcement)
    這本書是哪家出版社出的？ [MSC, trad.]
    这本书是哪家出版社出的？ [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè běn shū shì nǎ jiā chūbǎnshè chū de? [Pinyin]
    Which publisher published this book?
    Windows 10已經出咗一年 [Cantonese, trad.]
    Windows 10已经出咗一年 [Cantonese, simp.]
    Windows 10 ji5 ging1 ceot1 zo2 jat1 nin4 [Jyutping]
    Windows 10 has already been out for a year
  12. to expend
    量入為出／量入为出  ―  liàngrùwéichū  ―  to budget one’s expenses according to one’s income
  13. (Hong Kong Cantonese) to buy (an electronic device, such as a mobile phone or computer) (clarification of this definition is needed)
    出部電話畀佢用 [Cantonese, trad.]
    出部电话畀佢用 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ceot1 bou6 din6 waa6-2 bei2 keoi5 jung6 [Jyutping]
    to buy a mobile phone for him to use
  14. Particle placed after verbs to indicate an outward movement.
    拿出你的身份證／拿出你的身份证  ―  náchū nǐ de shēnfènzhèng  ―  take out your ID card
    走出香港  ―  zǒuchū Xiānggǎng  ―  to come out of Hong Kong
  15. Particle placed after verbs to indicate a completed action. to determine
    想不出辦法／想不出办法  ―  xiǎng bù chū bànfǎ  ―  cannot come up with solutions
    睇唔出有咩分別（問題） [Cantonese, trad.]
    睇唔出有咩分别（问题） [Cantonese, simp.]
    tai2 m4 ceot1 jau5 me1 fan1 bit6 (man6 tai4) [Jyutping]
    don't see any difference (problem)
    食唔出咩味道 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
    sik6 m4 ceot1 me1 mei6 dou6 [Jyutping]
    doesn't have any flavor

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of 出 – see 齣 (“act; stanza; time, occasion; etc.”).
(This character is the simplified and variant traditional form of 齣).
Notes:

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

出

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
出
しゅつ
Grade: 1
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 出 (MC tsyhwit).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

出(しゅつ) • (shutsu) 

  1. being from a certain place
  2. a coming out, exiting

Affix[edit]

出(しゅつ) • (shutsu) 

  1. come out, exit
  2. appear, emerge
  3. become visible, materialize
  4. be born
  5. excel, surpass
  6. attend, present
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
出
すい
Grade: 1
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 出 (MC tsyhwijH).

Affix[edit]

出(すい) • (sui) 

  1. going out
  2. putting out, showing
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
出
で
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

The 連用形 (ren’yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 出る (deru, “to come out”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

出(で) • (de) 

  1. the process of something coming out
  2. something that comes out

Derived terms[edit]

Derived terms

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
出
ず
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Contraction of classical verb 出づ (izu), omitting the initial i-.

Verb[edit]

出(ず) • (zu) ←づ (du)?†nidan

  1. (obsolete) to go or come out
  2. (obsolete) to appear
Usage notes[edit]

The 出る (deru) form is now the standard term for this in modern Japanese.

Conjugation[edit]
Classical conjugation of "出" (ダ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 出 で de
Continuative (連用形) 出 で de
Terminal (終止形) 出 づ du
Attributive (連体形) 出る づる duru
Realis (已然形) 出れ づれ dure
Imperative (命令形) 出よ でよ deyo
Key constructions
Negative 出ず でず dezu
Contrasting conjunction 出れど づれど duredo
Causal conjunction 出れば づれば dureba
Conditional conjunction 出ば でば deba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 出き でき deki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 出けり でけり dekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 出つ でつ detu
Perfect tense (natural event) 出ぬ でぬ denu
Perfect-continuative tense 出たり でたり detari
Volitional 出む でむ demu

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998) NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Middle Chinese 出 (MC tsyhwit).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 츄ᇙ〮 (Yale: chyúlq)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 날 (Yale: nal) 츌 (Yale: chyul)
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 날 (Yale: nal) 츌 (Yale: chyul)
Seokbong Cheonjamun, 1583 날 (Yale: nal) 츌 (Yale: chyul)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

出 (eumhun 날 출 (nal chul))

  1. Hanja form? of 출 (“to come out; to go out”).
Compounds[edit]
Compounds

Etymology 2[edit]

From Middle Chinese 出/齣. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

出 (eumhun 단락 척 (dallak cheok))

  1. Alternative form of 齣 (“Hanja form? of 척 (“act, scene, as of a play or movie”).”)

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Old Japanese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Contraction of verb 出づ (idu), omitting the initial i-.

Verb[edit]

出 (du) (kana づ)

  1. to appear
Quotations[edit]
Derived terms[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

出: Hán Nôm readings: xuất, xúy/xuý

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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