且

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See also: 旦, 目, and 自
且 U+4E14, 且
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E14
← 专
[U+4E13] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 丕 →
[U+4E15]
Commons:Category
Commons:Category
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Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
5 strokes

Han character[edit]

且 (Kangxi radical 1, 一+4, 5 strokes, cangjie input 月一 (BM), four-corner 77100, composition ⿱⺝一 or ⿴𠀃𠄠)

  1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №494

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 77, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29
  • Dae Jaweon: page 154, character 19
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 15, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4E14

Further reading[edit]

Chinese Wikisource has digitized text of the Kangxi Dictionary entry for 且:
[[wikisource:zh:康熙字典/一部/四畫#且|一部/四畫]]

Wikisource

Bailang[edit]

Noun[edit]

且 (*tsɑʔ)

  1. Sun

References[edit]

  • Hill, Nathan W. (2017) “Songs of the Bailang: A New Transcription with Etymological Commentary”, in Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient‎[1], volume 103, pages 386—429

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 且
alternative forms 𠀇
𠀃

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 且
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script

j29048

j29049

j29050

j29051

j29052

j29053

j29054

j29055

j29056

j29057

j29058

j29059

j29060

j29061

j29062

j29063

j29064

j29065

j29066

j29067

j29068

j29069

j29070

j29071

j29072

j29073

j29074

j29075

j29076

j29077

j29078

j29079

j29080

j29081

j29082

j29083

j29084

j29085

j29086

j29087

j29088

j29089

j29090

j29091

j29092

j29093

j29094

j29095

j29096

j29097

j29098

j29099

j29100

j29101

j29102

j29103

j29104

j29105

j29106

j29107

j29108

j29109

j29110

j29111

j29112

j29113

j29114

j29115

j29116

j29117

j29118

j29119

j29120

j29121

j29122

j29123

j29124

j29125

j29126

j29127

j29128

j29129

j29130

j29131

Bronze inscriptions

b19394

b19395

b19396

b19397

b19398

b19399

b19400

b19401

b19402

b19403

b19404

b19405

b19406

b19407

b19408

b19409

b19410

b19411

b19412

b19413

b19414

b19415

b19416

b19417

b19418

b19419

b19420

b19421

b19422

b19423

b19424

b19425

b19426

b19427

b19428

b19429

b19430

b19431

b19432

b19433

b19434

b19435

b19436

b19437

b19438

b19439

b19440

b19441

b19442

b19443

b19444

b19445

b19446

b19447

b19448

b19449

b19450

b19451

b19452

b19453

b19454

b19455

b19456

b19457

b19458

b19459

b19460

b19461

Small seal script

s10640

Transcribed ancient scripts

L35047

L17323

L17324

L17325

L17326

L17327

L17328

L17329

L17330

L17331

L17332

L30577

L02894

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (且) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
虘 *zaːl, *zaː
蔖 *zlaːl, *sʰaːʔ
摣 *rnaː, *ʔsraː
袓 *ʔsjaː, *zaʔ
怚 *ʔsjaː, *ʔsas, *zaʔ
罝 *ʔsjaː
謯 *ʔslja, *ʔsraːʔ
姐 *ʔsjaːʔ
抯 *ʔsljaːʔ, *ljaːʔ, *ʔsraː
飷 *ʔsjaːʔ
且 *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa
趄 *sʰjaːs, *sʰa
笡 *sʰjaːs
查 *ʔsraː, *zraː, *zraː
柤 *ʔsraː
樝 *ʔsraː
皻 *ʔsraː
渣 *ʔsraː
楂 *zraː
苴 *zraː, *ʔsa, *ʔsaʔ, *sʰa
駔 *ʔslaːŋʔ, *zaːʔ
租 *ʔsaː
蒩 *ʔsaː, *ʔsaːʔ, *sʰa
祖 *ʔsaːʔ
組 *ʔsaːʔ
珇 *ʔsaːʔ
靻 *ʔsaːʔ
粗 *sʰaː, *zaːʔ
徂 *zaː
殂 *zaː
麆 *zaːʔ, *zras
伹 *zaːʔ, *sʰa
蛆 *ʔsa, *sʰa
沮 *ʔsa, *ʔsas, *sʰa, *zaʔ, *ʔsra
咀 *ʔsaʔ, *zaʔ
疽 *sʰa
雎 *sʰa
狙 *sʰa, *sʰas
岨 *sʰa
砠 *sʰa
坥 *sʰa, *sʰas
刞 *sʰas
覰 *sʰas
覷 *sʰas
跙 *zaʔ
筯 *das
菹 *ʔsra
葅 *ʔsra
阻 *ʔsraʔ, *ʔsras
俎 *ʔsraʔ
詛 *ʔsraʔ, *ʔsras
鉏 *zra, *zraʔ
豠 *zra
鋤 *zra
耡 *zra, *zras
齟 *zraʔ
助 *zras

Pictogram (象形) . Multiple interpretations:

  • A sacrificial vessel used for chopping and holding meat, as viewed from above (Wang, 1923) – original form of 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ).
  • An erect penis, the symbol of the male ancestor (Guo, 1931) – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ).
  • A stone altar – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ).

In the oracle bones and bronze inscriptions, this character was commonly used as 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ). Usage as 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ) is not attested until the Warring States period in the bamboo script.

Etymology[edit]

“and; also; almost; be going to”
Cognate with 將 (OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋs) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • 2qia - vernacular;
  • 2qi - literary.
    Rime
    Character 且
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 清 (14)
    Final (韻) 麻 (100)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 七也切
    Baxter tshjaeX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡sʰiaX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/t͡sʰiaX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡sʰiaX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/t͡sʰiaX/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡sʰiaX/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡sʰĭaX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/t͡sʰi̯aX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		qiě
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		ce2
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 且
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		qiě
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tshjæX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[tsʰ]Aʔ/
    English moreover

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 且
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 10379
    Phonetic
    component         		且
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		且
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sʰjaːʔ/

    Definitions[edit]

    且

    1. this
    2. almost; nearly
    3. be going to; will; shall
    4. just; for the time being
    5. even (used for emphasis, often with a hypothetical extreme scenario)
    6. (dialectal Mandarin) for a long time
      這水太燙，且得晾會兒呢。 [dialectal Mandarin, trad.]
      这水太烫，且得晾会儿呢。 [dialectal Mandarin, simp.]
      Zhè shuǐ tài tàng, qiě děi liàng huǐr ne. [Pinyin]
      This water is so hot; [it] need to be left alone to cool down for a long time.
      這活兒且幹不完呢。 [dialectal Mandarin, trad.]
      这活儿且干不完呢。 [dialectal Mandarin, simp.]
      Zhèi huór qiě gàn bu wán ne. [Pinyin]
      There's still a lot of work to do .
    7. and; also (for juxtaposition)
      而且  ―  érqiě  ―  and; but also
      他的演講簡短且切中要害。 [MSC, trad.]
      他的演讲简短且切中要害。 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā de yǎnjiǎng jiǎnduǎn qiě qièzhòng yàohài. [Pinyin]
      His speech was short and to the point.
    8. both ... and ...
    9. or (to list alternatives)
    10. moreover (to indicate progression)
    11. if; assuming (to indicate hypotheticality)
    12. sentence-initial or sentence-medial modal particle
    13. a surname

    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Rime
    Character 且
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 精 (13)
    Final (韻) 魚 (22)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 子魚切
    Baxter tsjo
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡sɨʌ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/t͡siɔ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡siɔ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/t͡sɨə̆/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡siɔ/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡sĭo/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/t͡si̯wo/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jū
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zeoi1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 且
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		jū
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tsjo ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tsa/
    English [final particle]

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 且
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 10413
    Phonetic
    component         		且
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		且
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ʔsa/

    Definitions[edit]

    且

    1. Alternative form of 俎 (zǔ, “chopping board”)
    2. many; numerous; flourishing
    3. sixth month in the lunar calendar
    4. sentence-final modal particle
    5. Alternative form of 駔／驵 (“steed”)

    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    且

    1. Alternative form of 徂 (cú, “to go to”)

    Pronunciation 4[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    且

    1. Only used in 次且 (“hesitant in walking”).

    Pronunciation 5[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 且 – see 祖 (“ancestor; forebear; forefather; grandparent; grandfather or grandmother; etc.”).
    (This character is an ancient form of 祖).

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    且

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. moreover
    2. also
    3. furthermore

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Related terms[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    且 (eumhun 또 차 (tto cha))

    1. Hanja form? of 차 (“moreover; also”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    且 (eumhun 도마 조 (doma jo))

    1. Alternative form of 俎 (“Hanja form? of 조 (“a sacrificial altar; a cutting board, a chopping board”).”)

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    且 (eumhun 공경할 저 (gonggyeonghal jeo))

    1. (obsolete) Hanja form? of 저 (“respect”).

    References[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    且: Hán Việt readings: thả[1], thư[2], tồ[2]
    且: Nôm readings: thả[1], vã[3], vả[3]

    1. (literary) besides, again, moreover

    Descendants[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Trần (1999).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
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